Hakim-hakim 20:1--21:25
Konteks20:1 All the Israelites from Dan to Beer Sheba 1 and from the land of Gilead 2 left their homes 3 and assembled together 4 before the Lord at Mizpah. 20:2 The leaders 5 of all the people from all the tribes of Israel took their places in the assembly of God’s people, which numbered 6 four hundred thousand sword-wielding foot soldiers. 20:3 The Benjaminites heard that the Israelites had gone up to Mizpah. Then the Israelites said, “Explain how this wicked thing happened!” 20:4 The Levite, 7 the husband of the murdered woman, spoke up, “I and my concubine stopped in 8 Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin 9 to spend the night. 20:5 The leaders of Gibeah attacked me and at night surrounded the house where I was staying. 10 They wanted to kill me; instead they abused my concubine so badly that she died. 20:6 I grabbed hold of my concubine and carved her up and sent the pieces 11 throughout the territory occupied by Israel, 12 because they committed such an unthinkable atrocity 13 in Israel. 20:7 All you Israelites, 14 make a decision here!” 15
20:8 All Israel rose up in unison 16 and said, “Not one of us will go home! 17 Not one of us will return 18 to his house! 20:9 Now this is what we will do to Gibeah: We will attack the city as the lot dictates. 19 20:10 We will take ten of every group of a hundred men from all the tribes of Israel (and a hundred of every group of a thousand, and a thousand of every group of ten thousand) to get supplies for the army. 20 When they arrive in Gibeah of Benjamin they will punish them for the atrocity which they committed in Israel.” 21 20:11 So all the men of Israel gathered together at the city as allies. 22
20:12 The tribes of Israel sent men throughout the tribe 23 of Benjamin, saying, “How could such a wicked thing take place? 24 20:13 Now, hand over the good-for-nothings 25 in Gibeah so we can execute them and purge Israel of wickedness.” 26 But the Benjaminites refused to listen to their Israelite brothers. 20:14 The Benjaminites came from their cities and assembled at Gibeah 27 to make war against the Israelites. 20:15 That day the Benjaminites mustered from their cities twenty-six thousand sword-wielding soldiers, besides seven hundred well-trained soldiers from Gibeah. 28 20:16 Among this army 29 were seven hundred specially-trained left-handed soldiers. 30 Each one could sling a stone and hit even the smallest target. 31 20:17 The men of Israel (not counting Benjamin) had mustered four hundred thousand sword-wielding soldiers, every one an experienced warrior. 32
20:18 The Israelites went up to Bethel 33 and asked God, 34 “Who should lead the charge against the Benjaminites?” 35 The Lord said, “Judah should lead.” 20:19 The Israelites got up the next morning and moved 36 against Gibeah. 20:20 The men of Israel marched out to fight Benjamin; they 37 arranged their battle lines against Gibeah. 20:21 The Benjaminites attacked from Gibeah and struck down twenty-two thousand Israelites that day. 38
20:22 The Israelite army 39 took heart 40 and once more arranged their battle lines, in the same place where they had taken their positions the day before. 20:23 The Israelites went up and wept before the Lord until evening. They asked the Lord, “Should we 41 again march out to fight 42 the Benjaminites, our brothers?” 43 The Lord said, “Attack them!” 44 20:24 So the Israelites marched toward 45 the Benjaminites the next day. 20:25 The Benjaminites again attacked them from Gibeah and struck down eighteen thousand sword-wielding Israelite soldiers. 46
20:26 So all the Israelites, the whole army, 47 went up to 48 Bethel. 49 They wept and sat there before the Lord; they did not eat anything 50 that day until evening. They offered up burnt sacrifices and tokens of peace 51 to the Lord. 20:27 The Israelites asked the Lord (for the ark of God’s covenant was there in those days; 20:28 Phinehas son of Eleazar, son of Aaron, was serving the Lord 52 in those days), “Should we 53 once more march out to fight the Benjaminites our brothers, 54 or should we 55 quit?” The Lord said, “Attack, for tomorrow I will hand them 56 over to you.”
20:29 So Israel hid men in ambush outside Gibeah. 20:30 The Israelites attacked the Benjaminites the next day; 57 they took their positions against Gibeah just as they had done before. 20:31 The Benjaminites attacked 58 the army, leaving the city unguarded. 59 They began to strike down their enemy 60 just as they had done before. On the main roads (one leads to Bethel, 61 the other to Gibeah) and in the field, they struck down 62 about thirty Israelites. 20:32 Then the Benjaminites said, “They are defeated just as before.” But the Israelites said, “Let’s retreat 63 and lure them 64 away from the city into the main roads.” 20:33 65 All the men of Israel got up from their places and took their positions at Baal Tamar, while the Israelites hiding in ambush jumped out of their places west of Gibeah. 20:34 Ten thousand men, well-trained soldiers from all Israel, then made a frontal assault against Gibeah – the battle was fierce. 66 But the Benjaminites did not realize that disaster was at their doorstep. 67 20:35 The Lord annihilated Benjamin before Israel; the Israelites struck down that day 25,100 sword-wielding Benjaminites. 68 20:36 Then the Benjaminites saw they were defeated.
The Israelites retreated before 69 Benjamin, because they had confidence in the men they had hid in ambush outside Gibeah. 20:37 The men hiding in ambush made a mad dash 70 to Gibeah. They 71 attacked 72 and put the sword to the entire city. 20:38 The Israelites and the men hiding in ambush had arranged a signal. When the men hiding in ambush 73 sent up a smoke signal from the city, 20:39 the Israelites counterattacked. 74 Benjamin had begun to strike down the Israelites; 75 they struck down 76 about thirty men. They said, “There’s no doubt about it! They are totally defeated as in the earlier battle.” 20:40 But when the signal, a pillar of smoke, began to rise up from the city, the Benjaminites turned around and saw the whole city going up in a cloud of smoke that rose high into the sky. 77 20:41 When the Israelites turned around, the Benjaminites panicked 78 because they could see that disaster was on their doorstep. 79 20:42 They retreated before the Israelites, taking the road to the wilderness. But the battle overtook 80 them as men from the surrounding cities struck them down. 81 20:43 They surrounded the Benjaminites, chased them from Nohah, 82 and annihilated 83 them all the way to a spot east of Geba. 84 20:44 Eighteen thousand Benjaminites, all of them capable warriors, fell dead. 20:45 The rest 85 turned and ran toward the wilderness, heading toward the cliff of Rimmon. But the Israelites 86 caught 87 five thousand of them on the main roads. They stayed right on their heels 88 all the way to Gidom and struck down two thousand more. 20:46 That day twenty-five thousand 89 sword-wielding Benjaminites fell in battle, all of them capable warriors. 90 20:47 Six hundred survivors turned and ran away to the wilderness, to the cliff of Rimmon. They stayed there four months. 20:48 The Israelites returned to the Benjaminite towns 91 and put the sword to them. They wiped out the cities, 92 the animals, and everything they could find. They set fire to every city in their path. 93
21:1 The Israelites had taken an oath in Mizpah, saying, “Not one of us will allow his daughter to marry a Benjaminite.” 21:2 So the people came to Bethel 94 and sat there before God until evening, weeping loudly and uncontrollably. 95 21:3 They said, “Why, O Lord God of Israel, has this happened in Israel?” An entire 96 tribe has disappeared from Israel today!”
21:4 The next morning the people got up early and built an altar there. They offered up burnt sacrifices and token of peace. 97 21:5 The Israelites asked, “Who from all the Israelite tribes has not assembled before the Lord?” They had made a solemn oath that whoever did not assemble before the Lord at Mizpah must certainly be executed. 98 21:6 The Israelites regretted what had happened to 99 their brother Benjamin. They said, “Today we cut off an entire 100 tribe from Israel! 21:7 How can we find wives for those who are left? 101 After all, we took an oath in the Lord’s name not to give them our daughters as wives.” 21:8 So they asked, “Who from all the Israelite tribes did not assemble before the Lord at Mizpah?” Now it just so happened no one from Jabesh Gilead had come to the gathering. 102 21:9 When they took roll call, 103 they noticed 104 none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead were there. 21:10 So the assembly sent 12,000 capable warriors 105 against Jabesh Gilead. 106 They commanded them, “Go and kill with your swords 107 the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead, including the women and little children. 21:11 Do this: 108 exterminate every male, as well as every woman who has had sexual relations with a male. 109 But spare the lives of any virgins.” So they did as instructed. 110 21:12 They found among the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead four hundred young girls who were virgins – they had never had sexual relations with a male. 111 They brought them back to the camp at Shiloh in the land of Canaan.
21:13 The entire assembly sent messengers to the Benjaminites at the cliff of Rimmon and assured them they would not be harmed. 112 21:14 The Benjaminites returned at that time, and the Israelites 113 gave to them the women they had spared from Jabesh Gilead. But there were not enough to go around. 114
21:15 The people regretted what had happened to 115 Benjamin because the Lord had weakened 116 the Israelite tribes. 21:16 The leaders 117 of the assembly said, “How can we find wives for those who are left? 118 After all, the Benjaminite women have been wiped out. 21:17 The 119 remnant of Benjamin must be preserved. An entire Israelite tribe should not be wiped out. 120 21:18 But we can’t allow our daughters to marry them, 121 for the Israelites took an oath, saying, ‘Whoever gives a woman to a Benjaminite will be destroyed!’ 122 21:19 However, there is an annual festival to the Lord in Shiloh, which is north of Bethel 123 (east of the main road that goes up from Bethel to Shechem) and south of Lebonah.” 21:20 So they commanded the Benjaminites, “Go hide in the vineyards, 21:21 and keep your eyes open. 124 When you see 125 the daughters of Shiloh coming out to dance in the celebration, 126 jump out from the vineyards. Each one of you, catch yourself a wife from among the daughters of Shiloh and then go home to the land of Benjamin. 21:22 When their fathers or brothers come and protest to us, 127 we’ll say to them, “Do us a favor and let them be, 128 for we could not get each one a wife through battle. 129 Don’t worry about breaking your oath! 130 You would only be guilty if you had voluntarily given them wives.’” 131
21:23 The Benjaminites did as instructed. 132 They abducted two hundred of the dancing girls to be their wives. 133 They went home 134 to their own territory, 135 rebuilt their cities, and settled down. 136 21:24 Then the Israelites dispersed from there to their respective tribal and clan territories. Each went from there to his own property. 137 21:25 In those days Israel had no king. Each man did what he considered to be right. 138
[20:1] 1 sn Dan was located in the far north of the country, while Beer Sheba was located in the far south. This encompassed all the territory of the land of Canaan occupied by the Israelites.
[20:1] 2 sn The land of Gilead was on the eastern side of the Jordan River.
[20:1] 4 tn Heb “and the assembly was convened as one man.”
[20:2] 5 tn Heb “the cornerstones”; or “the supports.” The word is used of leaders in only three other texts – 1 Sam 14:38; Isa 19:13; Zech 10:4.
[20:2] 6 tn The words “which numbered” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[20:4] 7 tn Heb “The man, the Levite.”
[20:4] 9 tn Heb “which belongs to Benjamin.”
[20:5] 10 tn Heb “arose against me and surrounded against me the house at night.”
[20:6] 11 tn Heb “her”; the referent is more naturally stated in English as “the pieces.”
[20:6] 12 tn Heb “throughout all the territory of the inheritance of Israel.”
[20:6] 13 tn Heb “a wicked and disgraceful [thing].”
[20:7] 14 tn Heb “Look, all of you sons of Israel.”
[20:7] 15 tn Heb “give for yourselves a word and advice here.”
[20:8] 16 tn Heb “as one man.”
[20:8] 17 tn Heb “to his tent.”
[20:9] 19 tn Heb “against her by lot.” The verb “we will go up” (נַעֲלֶה, na’aleh) has probably been accidentally omitted before “against her” (עָלֶיהָ, ’aleha).
[20:9] sn As the lot dictates. The Israelite soldiers intended to cast lots to determine which tribe would lead the battle charge (see v. 18).
[20:10] 21 tn Heb “to do at their arrival in Geba of Benjamin according to all the disgraceful [thing] which he [collective = “Benjamin”] did in Israel.” Here “Geba” must be an error for “Gibeah.”
[20:11] 22 tn Heb “gathered at the city as one man, united.”
[20:12] 23 tc The MT reads the plural, but surely the singular (which is supported by the LXX and Vulgate) is preferable here.
[20:12] 24 tn Heb “What is this wicked thing which happened among you?”
[20:13] 25 tn Heb “the men, sons of wickedness.”
[20:13] 26 tn Heb “and burn away wickedness from Israel.”
[20:14] 27 tn Heb “assembled from the cities at Gibeah.”
[20:15] 28 tn Heb “besides from the ones living in Gibeah they mustered seven hundred choice men.”
[20:16] 29 tn Heb “And from all this people.”
[20:16] 30 tn Heb “seven hundred choice men, bound/restricted in the right hand.” On the significance of the idiom, “bound/restricted in the right hand,” see the translator’s note on 3:15.
[20:16] 31 tn “at a single hair and not miss.”
[20:17] 32 tn Heb “a man of war.”
[20:18] 33 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[20:18] 34 tn Heb “They arose and went up to Bethel and asked God, and the Israelites said.”
[20:18] 35 tn Heb “Who should go up for us first for battle against the sons of Benjamin?”
[20:20] 37 tn Heb “the men of Israel.” The noun phrase has been replaced by the pronoun (“they”) in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[20:21] 38 tn Heb “The sons of Benjamin came out of Gibeah and they struck down in Israel that day twenty-two thousand men to the ground.”
[20:22] 39 tn Heb “The people, the men of Israel.”
[20:22] 40 tn Or “encouraged one another.”
[20:23] 41 tn Heb “I” (collective singular).
[20:23] 42 tn Heb “approach for battle.”
[20:23] 43 tn Heb “my brother” (collective singular).
[20:23] 44 tn Heb “Go up against him” (collective singular).
[20:24] 45 tn Heb “drew near to.”
[20:25] 46 tn Heb “And Benjamin went out to meet them from Gibeah the second day, and they struck down among the sons of Israel eighteen thousand men to the ground, all of these were wielding the sword.”
[20:26] 47 tn Heb “and all the people.”
[20:26] 48 tn Heb “went up and came [to].”
[20:26] 49 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[20:26] 50 tn Traditionally, “fasted.”
[20:26] 51 tn Or “peace offerings.”
[20:28] 52 tn Heb “standing before him.”
[20:28] 53 tn Heb “I” (collective singular).
[20:28] 54 tn Heb “my brother” (collective singular).
[20:28] 55 tn Heb “I” (collective singular).
[20:28] 56 tn Heb “him” (collective singular).
[20:30] 57 tn Heb “the third day.”
[20:31] 58 tn Heb “went out to meet.”
[20:31] 59 tn Heb “and they were drawn away from the city.”
[20:31] 60 tn Heb “from the army wounded ones.”
[20:31] 61 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[20:31] 62 tn The words “they struck down” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[20:32] 64 tn Heb “him” (collective singular).
[20:33] 65 sn Verses 33-36a give a condensed account of the battle from this point on, while vv. 36b-48 offer a more detailed version of how the ambush contributed to Gibeah’s defeat.
[20:34] 66 tn Heb “heavy”; or “severe.”
[20:34] 67 tn Heb “And they did not know that touching against them was disaster.”
[20:35] 68 tn Heb “And the sons of Israel struck down in Benjamin that day 25,100 men, all of these wielding the sword.”
[20:36] 69 tn Heb “gave place to.”
[20:37] 70 tn Heb “hurried and put off [their hiding place].”
[20:37] 71 tn Heb “the men hiding in ambush.”
[20:37] 72 tn Or “deployed.” The verb normally means “to lead” or “to draw.”
[20:38] 73 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the men hiding in ambush) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[20:39] 74 tn Heb “turned in the battle.”
[20:39] 75 tn Heb “And Benjamin began to strike down wounded ones among the men of Israel.”
[20:39] 76 tn The words “they struck down” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[20:40] 77 tn Heb “Benjamin turned after him and, look, the whole city went up toward the sky.”
[20:41] 78 tn Or “were terrified.”
[20:41] 79 tn Heb “disaster touched against them.”
[20:42] 80 tn Heb “clung to”; or “stuck close.”
[20:42] 81 tn Heb “and those from the cities were striking them down in their midst.”
[20:43] 82 tc The translation assumes the reading מִנּוֹחָה (minnokhah, “from Nohah”; cf. 1 Chr 8:2) rather than the MT’s מְנוּחָה (mÿnukhah, “resting place”).
[20:43] 83 tn Heb “tread down, walk on.”
[20:43] 84 tn Heb “unto the opposite of Gibeah toward the east.” Gibeah cannot be correct here, since the Benjaminites retreated from there toward the desert and Rimmon (see v. 45). A slight emendation yields the reading “Geba.”
[20:45] 85 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the rest [of the Benjaminites]) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[20:45] 86 tn Heb “and they”; the referent (the Israelites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[20:45] 87 tn Heb “gleaned.” The word is an agricultural term which pictures Israelites picking off the Benjaminites as easily as one picks grapes from the vine.
[20:45] 88 tn Heb “stuck close after them.”
[20:46] 89 sn The number given here (twenty-five thousand sword-wielding Benjaminites) is an approximate figure; v. 35 gives the more exact number (25,100). According to v. 15, the Benjaminite army numbered 26,700 (26,000 + 700). The figures in vv. 35 (rounded in vv. 44-46) and 47 add up to 25,700. What happened to the other 1,000 men? The most reasonable explanation is that they were killed during the first two days of fighting. G. F. Moore (Judges [ICC], 429) and C. F. Burney (Judges, 475) reject this proposal, arguing that the narrator is too precise and concerned about details to omit such a fact. However, the account of the first two days’ fighting emphasizes Israel’s humiliating defeat. To speak of Benjaminite casualties would diminish the literary effect. In vv. 35, 44-47 the narrator’s emphasis is the devastating defeat that Benjamin experienced on this final day of battle. To mention the earlier days’ casualties at this point is irrelevant to his literary purpose. He allows readers who happen to be concerned with such details to draw conclusions for themselves.
[20:46] 90 tn Heb “So all the ones who fell from Benjamin were twenty-five thousand men, wielding the sword, in that day, all of these men of strength.
[20:48] 91 tn Heb “to the sons of Benjamin.”
[20:48] 92 tc The translation is based on the reading מֵעִיר מְתִים (me’ir mÿtim, “from a city of men,” i.e., “an inhabited city”), rather than the reading מֵעִיר מְתֹם (me’ir mÿtom, “from a city of soundness”) found in the Leningrad Codex (L).
[20:48] 93 tn Heb “Also all the cities that were found they set on fire.”
[21:2] 94 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[21:2] 95 tn Heb “and they lifted up their voice[s] and wept with great weeping.” Both the cognate accusative בְּכִי (bekhi, “weeping”) and the attributive adjective גָדוֹל (gadol, “great”) emphasize their degree of sorrow.
[21:4] 97 tn Or “peace offerings.”
[21:5] 98 tn Heb “A great oath there was concerning the one who did not go up before the Lord at Mizpah, saying, ‘He must surely be put to death.’”
[21:6] 99 tn Or “felt sorry for.”
[21:6] 100 tn Heb “cut off one.”
[21:7] 101 tn Heb “What should we do for them, for the remaining ones, concerning wives?”
[21:8] 102 tn Heb “Look, no one had come to the camp from Jabesh Gilead to the assembly.”
[21:9] 103 tn Or “when the people were mustered.”
[21:10] 105 tn Heb “men, sons of strength.”
[21:10] 107 tn Heb “the edge of the sword.”
[21:11] 108 tn Heb “And this is the thing that you will do.”
[21:11] 109 tn Heb “every woman who is familiar with the bed of a male.”
[21:11] 110 tc Some Greek witnesses (notably Codex Vaticanus [B]) add the words, “‘But the virgins you should keep alive.’ And they did so.” These additional words, which probably represent the original Hebrew text, can be retroverted: וְאֶת־הַבְּתוּלוֹת תְּחַיּוּ וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵן (ve’et-habbÿtulot tÿkhayyu vayya’asu khen). It is likely that a scribe’s eye jumped from the vav (ו) on וְאֶת (vÿ’et) to the initial vav of v. 11, accidentally leaving out the intervening letters. The present translation is based on this reconstruction.
[21:12] 111 tn Heb “who had not known a man with respect to the bed of a male.”
[21:13] 112 tn Heb “And all the assembly sent and spoke to the sons of Benjamin who were at the cliff of Rimmon and they proclaimed to them peace.”
[21:14] 113 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the Israelites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[21:14] 114 tn Heb “but they did not find for them enough.”
[21:15] 115 tn Or “felt sorry for.”
[21:15] 116 tn Heb “had made a gaping hole in.” The narrator uses imagery that compares Israel to a wall that has been breached.
[21:16] 118 tn Heb “What should we do for the remaining ones concerning wives?”
[21:17] 119 tn The Hebrew text has “and they said” at the beginning of the verse. For stylistic reasons the translation treats v. 17 as a continuation of the remarks of the leaders in v. 16.
[21:17] 120 tn Heb “An inheritance for the remnant belonging to Benjamin, and a tribe from Israel will not be wiped away.” The first statement lacks a verb. Some prefer to emend the text to read, “How can an inheritance remain for the remnant of Benjamin?”
[21:18] 121 tn Heb “But we are not able to give to them wives from our daughters.”
[21:18] 122 tn Heb “is cursed.”
[21:19] 123 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[21:21] 124 tn Heb “and look.”
[21:21] 125 tn Heb “and look, when.”
[21:21] 126 tn Heb “in the dances.”
[21:22] 127 tc The (original) LXX and Vulgate read “to you.”
[21:22] 128 tn The words “and let them be” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
[21:22] 129 tn Heb “for we did not take each his wife in battle.”
[21:22] sn Through battle. This probably refers to the battle against Jabesh Gilead, which only produced four hundred of the six hundred wives needed.
[21:22] 130 tn This sentence is not in the Hebrew text. It is supplied in the translation to clarify the logic of the statement.
[21:22] 131 tc Heb “You did not give to them, now you are guilty.” The MT as it stands makes little sense. It is preferable to emend לֹא (lo’, “not”) to לוּא (lu’, “if”). This particle introduces a purely hypothetical condition, “If you had given to them [but you didn’t].” See G. F. Moore, Judges (ICC), 453-54.
[21:23] 133 tn Heb “And they took wives according to their number from the dancing girls whom they abducted.”
[21:23] 134 tn Heb “went and returned.”
[21:23] 135 tn Heb “inheritance.”
[21:23] 136 tn Heb “and lived in them.”
[21:24] 137 tn Heb “his inheritance.”
[21:25] 138 tn Heb “Each was doing what was right in his [own] eyes.”
[21:25] sn Each man did what he considered to be right. The Book of Judges closes with this note, which summarizes the situation of the Israelite tribes during this period.
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